Database of soil physical characteristics¶
| Loose sand | 0.48 | 1.60 | | Average compact sand | 0.96 | 8.00 | | Compact sand | 6.40 | 12.80 | | Average compact clayey sand | 2.40 | 4.80 | | Average compact silty sand | 2.40 | 4.80 | | Compact sand and gravel | 10.00 | 30.00 | | Calyey soil with qu < 2 Kg/cm² | 1.20 | 2.40 | | Calyey soil with 2 < qu < 4 Kg/cm² | 2.20 | 4.80 | | Calyey soil with qu > 2 Kg/cm² | >4.80 | |
Approximate values of Winkler's constant K in Kg/cm3
| Dry gravel | 1800 | 2000 | | Wet gravel | 1900 | 2100 | | Compact dry sand | 1700 | 2000 | | Compact wet sand | 1900 | 2100 | | Loose dry sand | 1500 | 1800 | | Loose wet sand | 1600 | 1900 | | Sandy clay | 1800 | 2200 | | Hard clay | 2000 | 2100 | | Semisolid clay | 1900 | 1950 | | Soft clay | 1800 | 1850 | | Peat | 1000 | 1100 |
Approximate values of the volume weight in Kg/cm3
| Compact gravel | 35 | 35 | | Loose gravel | 34 | 35 | | Compact sand | 35 | 45 | | Loose sand | 25 | 35 | | Sandy marl | 22 | 29 | | Fat marl | 16 | 22 | | Fat clay | 0 | 30 | | Sandy clay | 16 | 28 | | Silt | 20 | 27 |
Approximate values of the friction angle j, in degrees, for soils
| Sandy clay | 0.20 | | Soft clay | 0.10 | | Plastic clay | 0.25 | | Semisolid clay | 0.50 | | Solid clay | 1 | | Tenacious clay | 2÷10 | | Compact silt | 0.10 |
Approximate values of cohesion in Kg/cm2
| Very soft clay | 153 | 20.4 | | Soft clay | 255 | 51 | | Medium clay | 510 | 153 | | Hard clay | 1020 | 510 | | Sandy clay | 2550 | 255 | | Loess | 612 | 153 | | Silty sand | 204 | 51 | | Loose sand | 255 | 102 | | Compact sand | 816 | 510 | | Clayey schist | 51000 | 1530 | | Silt | 204 | 20.4 | | Loose sand and gravel | 1530 | 510 | | Compact sand and gravel | 2040 | 1020 |
Approximate values of the module, in Kg/cm2, for soils
| Saturated clay | 0.5 | 0.4 | | Not saturated clay | 0.3 | 0.1 | | Sandy clay | 0.3 | 0.2 | | Silt | 0.35 | 0.3 | | Sand | 1.0 | -0.1 | | Gravelly sand commonly used | 0.4 | 0.3 | | Loess | 0.3 | 0.1 | | Ice | 0.36 | | | Concrete | 0.15 | |
Approximate values of the Poisson's ratio for soils
| Pumice | 500 | 1100 | | Volcanic tuff | 1100 | 1750 | | Tufaceous limestone | 1120 | 2000 | | Coarse sand dry | 1400 | 1500 | | Fine dry sand | 1400 | 1600 | | Wet fine sand | 1900 | 2000 | | Sandstone | 1800 | 2700 | | Dry clay | 2000 | 2250 | | Soft limestone | 2000 | 2400 | | Travertine | 2200 | 2500 | | Dolomite | 2300 | 2850 | | Compact limestone | 2400 | 2700 | | Trachyte | 2400 | 2800 | | Porphyry | 2450 | 2700 | | Gneiss | 2500 | 2700 | | Serpentine | 2500 | 2750 | | Granite | 2550 | 2900 | | Marble | 2700 | 2750 | | Syenite | 2700 | 3000 | | Diorite | 2750 | 3000 | | Basalt | 2750 | 3100 |
Approximate values of specific weight for some rocks in Kg/m3
| Granite | 45 | 60 | | Dolerite | 55 | 60 | | Basalt | 50 | 55 | | Sandstone | 35 | 50 | | Calyey schist | 15 | 30 | | Limestone | 35 | 50 | | Quartzite | 50 | 60 | | Marble | 35 | 50 |
Approximate values of the friction angle j, in degrees, for rocks
| Basalt | 1071000 | 178500 | 0.32 | 0.27 | | Granite | 856800 | 142800 | 0.30 | 0.26 | | Crystalline schist | 856800 | 71400 | 0.22 | 0.18 | | Limestone | 1071000 | 214200 | 0.45 | 0.24 | | Porous limestone | 856800 | 35700 | 0.45 | 0.35 | | Sandstone | 428400 | 35700 | 0.45 | 0.20 | | Calyey schist | 214200 | 35700 | 0.45 | 0.25 | | Concrete | Variable | 0.15 | | |
Approximate values of the elastic module and Poisson's ratio for rocks