Integration of the constitutive relations. Consistent tangent matrix¶

Referring to Figure 44 from a point A lying inside or on the yield surface an elastic predictor is applied. This leads to a state of stress outside the yield surface, increments end up at point B. To fulfill the yield condition a plastic corrector is applied, thus returning the stresses to the yield surface at point C. The plastic corrector is determined by two quantities, the scalar Δλ giving the magnitude, and the gradient of the loading surface p_68_image002

giving the direction. The magnitude Δλ is determined such that the yield condition is fulfilled:


		(196)

where p_68_image006

is given by


		(197)



Fig. 44. Stress correction.

A first order Taylor expansion of the yield function at B gives:


		(198)

Inserting the expression for p_68_image006

into the above relation and enforcing consistency of the yield function at point C gives a step size of:


		(199)

With the backward Euler integration scheme, a consistent tangent modular matrix can be formed.


		(200)

On differentiation we get:


		(201)

where p_69_image008

is known as the "consistent tangent matrix and is given by:


		(202)

and


		(203)